it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the documentation first. It is very easy to achieve similar requirements in laravel, just use many-to-many associations.
first build the corresponding model and table:
User model

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class User extends Model
{
    //
}

users

Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->increments('id');
    $table->string('username')->unique()->nullable();
    $table->string('password')->nullable();
    $table->rememberToken();
    $table->timestamps();
});

Post model

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class Post extends Model
{
    //
}

posts

Schema::create('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->increments('id');
    $table->unsignedInteger('user_id')->index();
    $table->string('path');

    $table->foreign('user_id')->references('id')->on('users')->onDelete('cascade');
    $table->timestamps();
});

then add the corresponding association to the model. As mentioned earlier, likes are suitable for many-to-many associations
User model

public function likes(){
    return $this->belongsToMnay('App\Models\Post');
}

Post model

public function liked_users(){
    return $this->belongsToMany('App\Models\User');
}

at this time, all you have to do in the controller is to call the following method:

// 
$user->likes()->attach($post_id);
// 
$user->likes()->detach($post_id);
// 
$user->likes;
// 
$user->likes()->paginate(10);
// 
$user->likes()->where('post_id',$post_id)->exists();
// 
$post->liked_users;

for more information on the use of many-to-many, please see the documentation
https://laravel-china.org/doc.

the function of voting and opposing like sf? If I were to do it, I would do it like this:

id     article_id user_id   is_like
ID   ID     ID    (10)

as above is the data structure of the table, it should meet your functional requirements;
and the value and query are also convenient;

laravel, but if your fields have to store the data structure of 1, 3, 4, 5 , then the native mysql can be operated with the find_in_set function;

all implemented with Redis ? The INCR command of
Redis is used to do exactly this.